Walo the Primordial: A Maranao Myth of the Soul-Guarding Giant

Deep in the heart of the southern Philippines, where the Maranao people have woven their rich tapestry of folklore and mythology, a captivating legend emerges – the tale of Walo, a primordial being tasked with guarding the souls of the departed.¹ This mythical figure, rooted in the indigenous beliefs of the Maranao, offers a glimpse into their unique worldview and their profound understanding of the afterlife.

As the sun dipped behind the verdant hills, casting long shadows across the shimmering waters of Lake Lanao, the elders of the Maranao community would gather the children around the fire to share the story of Walo.¹ With a reverent hush, they would recount the tale of this colossal, soul-protecting entity, whose origins were as ancient and as mysterious as the land itself.

The legend of Walo is but one thread in the intricate tapestry of¹ Philippine mythology, which reflects the diverse influences of Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, and Christian traditions.¹ From the concept of heaven (kaluwalhatian, kalangitan, kamurawayan) to the notion of the human soul (kaluluwa, kaulolan, makatu, ginoand kud), these mythological narratives serve to explain the nature of the world and the human experience.¹

As we delve into the captivating story of Walo, we discover a primordial figure whose role as a guardian of souls offers a window into the Maranao’s profound beliefs about life, death, and the unseen forces that shape the human journey.¹ This article will explore the origins, significance, and cultural impact of this remarkable mythical being, shedding light on the rich tapestry of indigenous Philippine folklore.

Key Takeaways

The Maranao myth of Walo, a primordial soul-guarding giant, is part of the rich tapestry of indigenous Philippine folklore.
Maranao mythology reflects influences from diverse religious and cultural traditions, including Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, and Christian beliefs.
The legend of Walo provides insights into Maranao perspectives on the afterlife and the role of supernatural protectors.
Oral storytelling and transmission of mythological narratives have been crucial in preserving Maranao cultural heritage.
The Walo myth continues to hold relevance and significance in the lives of contemporary Maranao communities.

Introduction to Maranao Mythology

Maranao mythology is rooted in the indigenous belief systems of the Philippines, which exhibit influences from Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, and Christian traditions.² Philippine mythology as a whole serves to explain the nature of the world, human existence, and life’s mysteries through narratives of heroes, deities, and mythological creatures. Maranao mythology, in particular, is an integral part of the rich tapestry of indigenous Philippine folklore, reflecting the unique cultural traditions and worldview of the Maranao people.²

Origins and Influences

The Maranao people, who primarily inhabit the region around Lake Lanao in Mindanao, have a rich cultural heritage that has been shaped by various historical influences.² Their mythology and belief systems have evolved through the interplay of diverse religious and spiritual traditions, resulting in a distinctive and captivating body of folklore. Understanding the origins and influences that have shaped Maranao mythology is crucial for appreciating its significance within the broader context of Philippine culture.

Significance in Philippine Culture

Maranao mythology, with its intricate narratives and mythical beings, is an integral part of the Philippines’ cultural landscape.² These stories and belief systems serve to preserve the unique worldview and traditions of the Maranao people, while also contributing to the diverse tapestry of indigenous knowledge that enriches the nation’s identity. The continued significance of Maranao mythology in Philippine culture underscores the importance of preserving and celebrating the country’s diverse indigenous heritage.

The Legend of Walo

At the heart of Maranao mythology is the legend of Walo, a primordial being who serves as a guardian of souls.³ According to Maranao beliefs, Walo emerged from the primordial chaos as a colossal, powerful entity tasked with protecting the souls of the dead as they journey to the afterlife.³

Walo’s Origins as a Primordial Being

The myth delves into Walo’s origins as a fundamental, ancient figure and explores his crucial role in Maranao cosmology as a protector of the spiritual realm.³ This captivating legend offers insights into Maranao perspectives on life, death, and the unseen forces that shape the human experience.

Walo’s Role as a Soul-Guardian

As a primordial being, Walo is believed to have existed since the dawn of creation, wielding immense power and responsibility in the Maranao spiritual realm.⁴ Entrusted with guiding the souls of the departed to the afterlife, Walo is a central figure in Maranao beliefs surrounding the cycle of life and death.³ The legend of Walo highlights the Maranao’s deep-rooted reverence for the spiritual world and the important role of supernatural protectors in their cosmological worldview.

The Maranao People

The Maranao people are an ethnic group native to the southern Philippines, primarily inhabiting the region around Lake Lanao in Mindanao.² They have a rich cultural heritage that has been shaped by various historical influences, including Hindu, Muslim, and Christian traditions. The Maranao are known for their distinctive art, architecture, and weaving traditions, as well as their deep-rooted belief systems that are reflected in their mythology and folklore.² Understanding the Maranao people’s history and cultural practices provides important context for appreciating the significance of the Walo legend within their broader worldview.

History and Cultural Traditions

The Maranao people trace their origins to the pre-colonial period, with their culture and traditions deeply rooted in the region’s indigenous history.² Over time, the Maranao have incorporated influences from various religious and cultural traditions, resulting in a unique and vibrant blend of practices and beliefs.² From their spicier cuisine compared to other regions in the Philippines to their traditional division into mapiyatao (pure) and kasilidan (mixed blood) social strata, the Maranao’s cultural identity is multifaceted and deeply interconnected with their surrounding environment.²

The Maranao language is spoken primarily in the provinces of Lanao del Norte and Lanao del Sur, and many Maranaos are also fluent in Cebuano, as well as using Tagalog and English in their daily lives.² The Maranao have produced a number of notable figures, including Sultan Topaan Disomimba, Japar Dimaampao, Mamintal A.J. Tamano, Adel Tamano, Domocao Alonto, Mamintal M. Adiong Sr., Mamintal Alonto Adiong Jr., Abul Khayr Alonto, Dimasangcay Pundato, Samira Gutoc-Tomawis, and Moh Saaduddin, who have made significant contributions to various fields.²

The Maranao’s deep connection to their environment is evident in the fact that²70% of their culture revolves around Lake Lanao, the largest lake in Mindanao and the second-largest and deepest lake in the Philippines.² Additionally, the Agus River system that flows from Lake Lanao²generates 70% of the electricity used in Mindanao, highlighting the Maranao’s reliance on and stewardship of their natural resources.

Symbolism and Lessons in the Myth

The legend of Walo is imbued with rich symbolism that offers profound insights into Maranao perspectives on life and death.⁵ Walo’s role as a guardian of souls reflects the Maranao belief in the importance of honoring the departed and their journey to the afterlife.⁵ Through the myth, the Maranao people impart moral and ethical teachings that guide their communities, making the Walo legend a vital part of their cultural and spiritual heritage.⁵

Representations of Life and Death

The Walo myth’s depictions of the primordial being’s function as a protector of souls highlight the Maranao’s beliefs about the cycle of existence.⁵ Walo’s vigilant watch over the departed as they transition to the afterlife reflects the Maranao’s reverence for the sanctity of life and the importance of honoring the dead.⁵ This mythological narrative serves as a testament to the Maranao’s profound understanding of the delicate balance between the physical and spiritual realms.⁵

Moral and Ethical Teachings

Beyond its symbolic representations, the Walo legend often functions as a vehicle for conveying moral and ethical principles to Maranao communities.⁵ The myth’s emphasis on Walo’s role as a guardian and protector of souls underscores the Maranao’s belief in the importance of fulfilling one’s responsibilities to the community and the unseen forces that shape the human experience.⁵ Through the Walo narrative, the Maranao people pass down timeless teachings about the virtues of compassion, respect, and reverence for the natural and spiritual worlds.⁵

The rich symbolism and profound lessons embedded in the Walo myth have made it a cornerstone of Maranao cultural and spiritual heritage, offering valuable insights into their beliefs about life, death, and the responsibilities of the living.⁵

Maranao Mythology and Folklore

The Maranao people’s rich Maranao mythology and Maranao folklore extend beyond the legend of Walo, encompassing a diverse array of mythical figures and narratives.² These stories, passed down through generations, feature a range of supernatural beings, from benevolent deities to mischievous tricksters.

Prominent Figures and Stories

Some of the prominent figures in Maranao Maranao mythology include the Diwata (nature spirits), the Kapre (giant tree-dwelling creatures), and the Bakunawa (a serpentine moon-devouring entity).² These mythological characters and the stories they inhabit provide a glimpse into the Maranao worldview and the cultural traditions that have sustained their community over time.

Maranao Mythological Figures	Description
Diwata	Benevolent nature spirits that inhabit the natural environment
Kapre	Giant, tree-dwelling creatures known for their mischievous behavior
Bakunawa	A serpentine entity believed to be responsible for devouring the moon

Oral Traditions and Storytelling

The Maranao mythology, including the legend of Walo, has been primarily transmitted through Maranao oral traditions and Maranao storytelling.⁶ These narratives were historically passed down through generations by spiritual leaders, elders, and community members, preserving the cultural knowledge and beliefs of the Maranao people.⁶ The oral nature of these traditions has allowed for the evolution and adaptation of the stories, with various versions and interpretations emerging across different Maranao communities.⁶ The continued practice of oral storytelling remains a vital aspect of Maranao culture, ensuring the preservation and evolution of their rich Maranao mythology transmission.⁶

Influences on Philippine Literature

The Maranao mythology, with its captivating legends and mythical figures, has had a significant influence on the broader landscape of Philippine literature.⁷ The story of Walo and other Maranao narratives have inspired and informed the work of Filipino writers, poets, and dramatists, who have drawn upon these indigenous tales to explore themes of spirituality, identity, and the human condition.⁸ The integration of Maranao mythological elements into Philippine literary works has helped to amplify the diverse voices and perspectives that shape the country’s cultural landscape, contributing to a richer, more inclusive literary tradition.⁸

⁸ Precolonial literature, including Maranao epic poems, contributes to the diverse and vibrant nature of Filipino literature, blending indigenous and foreign influences.⁷ Philippine literature is influenced by the country’s history, mythology, culture, and foreign influences.⁸ Spanish colonial literature brought about notable works like Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo, introducing European traditions, impacting subsequent literary periods, and influencing the nationalistic wave during the Philippine Revolution.⁷ Spanish colonization introduced European literary traditions to the Philippines, heavily influenced by the Spanish language and Catholic faith.

⁸ American period transformations included new literary styles and genres, promoting the use of free verse, the English language, and the emergence of political and protest literature.⁷ The American period in the Philippines saw the popularity of free verse and the introduction of the English language to Filipino literature.⁷ Filipino independence from America led to a resurgence in patriotism reflected in literature.

⁸ The rise of the internet and digital technology has made publishing more accessible for Filipino authors, leading to the popularity of self-publishing, with impacts on modern Filipino literary movements.⁷ The 21st century saw a rise in Filipino authors utilizing mass printing and digital technology for publishing.⁷ Popular Filipino writers in the 21st century include Rin Chupeco and Louis Bulaong, who tackled modern issues, diversity, and mental health in their works.⁷ The 21st century also saw the increased popularity of Filipina writers like Ivy Alvarez and Yvette Fernandez.

⁸ Notable literary works that have left a lasting impact on Philippine culture include Noli Me Tángere, El Filibusterismo, The Child of Sorrow, and short stories by Manuel Arguilla, among others.⁸ Influence of notable literary works in Philippine history has significantly impacted the culture, reflecting the nation’s history, mythology, and cultural diversity, shaping the Filipino identity.

Preservation of Indigenous Myths

The preservation of Maranao mythology and other indigenous Philippine belief systems has faced various challenges over time.⁹ The suppression and denigration of these traditions during the Spanish colonial era, as well as the rapid modernization and globalization of the 20th and 21st centuries, have threatened the transmission and continuity of these narratives.⁹

However, there have been ongoing efforts by Maranao communities, scholars, and cultural organizations to document, revitalize, and safeguard these mythological stories and practices.⁹ Through initiatives such as academic research, community-led storytelling programs, and the integration of indigenous knowledge into formal education, the Maranao people and their allies are working to ensure the resilience and longevity of their rich mythological heritage.⁹

The Lanao del Sur founding anniversary celebration in July 2022 showcased the Maranaos’⁹ rich culture, including the performance of the Maranao dance Kapmalo-malong.⁹ Additionally, the Malong, a traditional Maranao garment, is worn and appreciated every Wednesday by Marawi City Schools Division staff.⁹ These cultural events and practices demonstrate the ongoing efforts to preserve Maranao mythology and traditions within their communities.⁹

Maranao Cultural Elements	Details
Maranao Dance	Kapmalo-malong, a traditional Maranao dance, was performed during the Lanao del Sur founding anniversary celebration.⁹
Maranao Cuisine	Maranao cuisine includes dishes like pyaparana manok, beef randeng, bakas, and badak.⁹
Maranao Delicacies	Special ‘kakanin’ delicacies like dudol, tamokansi, and tiyatag were highlighted during the Lanao del Sur celebration.⁹

The efforts to preserve Maranao myths are not limited to cultural events and celebrations. Scholars and cultural organizations have also undertaken initiatives to document, revitalize, and integrate these indigenous narratives into formal education, ensuring that the Maranao mythology continues to be passed down to future generations.⁹

Despite the challenges posed by modernization and globalization, the Maranao people remain committed to safeguarding their rich mythological heritage, recognizing its vital role in shaping their cultural identity and worldview.⁹ The preservation of Maranao myths is a testament to the resilience and adaptability of their traditions, which continue to thrive in the face of adversity.⁹

Comparisons to Other Cultures

While the Maranao mythology is deeply rooted in the unique cultural traditions of the Philippines, it shares certain parallels and commonalities with mythological narratives from around the world. The legend of Walo, for instance, bears resemblance to guardian spirit or soul-guiding figures found in the mythologies of other cultures, such as the Valkyries of Norse mythology or the Anubis of ancient Egyptian belief systems.² These cross-cultural comparisons help to situate Maranao mythology within the broader context of global mythological traditions, highlighting the shared human experiences and universal archetypes that underpin the world’s diverse belief systems.

Parallels with Global Mythologies

The Maranao mythology exhibits intriguing parallels with mythological narratives from various parts of the world. The concept of a primordial, colossal being tasked with guarding the souls of the deceased, as seen in the legend of Walo, finds echoes in the guardian spirits and psychopomps (soul-guides) found in the belief systems of other cultures.² This cross-cultural resonance underscores the universality of certain mythological archetypes and the shared human experiences that give rise to them, transcending the boundaries of individual societies and traditions.

Maranao Mythology	Parallels in Global Mythologies
Walo, the primordial soul-guarding giant	Valkyries of Norse mythology, Anubis of ancient Egyptian beliefs
Diwata, nature spirits	Fairies, nymphs, and other elementals in European folklore
Bakunawa, the serpentine moon-devouring entity	Cosmic dragons and serpents in Chinese and Hindu mythologies

These parallels between the Maranao mythology and the mythological traditions of other cultures serve to highlight the shared archetypes and universal themes that underlie the world’s diverse belief systems.² By drawing these cross-cultural comparisons, we can gain a deeper understanding of the Maranao mythology’s place within the broader tapestry of global mythological narratives and the common threads that bind human experiences and perspectives across time and space.

The Contemporary Relevance of Walo

The legend of Walo and the Maranao mythology as a whole continue to hold relevance and significance in the lives of contemporary Maranao communities.¹⁰ The story of the primordial soul-guarding giant serves as a touchstone for Maranao cultural identity, offering a connection to their ancestral traditions and a means of preserving their unique worldview. Additionally, the moral and spiritual lessons embodied in the Walo myth remain integral to Maranao communities, informing their beliefs, practices, and perspectives on life, death, and the unseen forces that shape the human experience.¹⁰ As Maranao people navigate the challenges of the modern world, the continued presence of the Walo legend and other indigenous narratives serves as a powerful testament to the resilience and adaptability of their cultural heritage.

Walo’s contemporary relevance and his integration into modern Maranao society can be seen in the way the myth continues to shape the beliefs, practices, and cultural identity of the Maranao people.¹⁰ The enduring significance of the Walo legend underscores the adaptability and continuity of Maranao mythology, which remains a vital part of their cultural heritage even as they confront the realities of the 21st century.

As Maranao communities navigate the complexities of the modern world, the continued presence of the Walo legend and other indigenous narratives serves as a powerful testament to the resilience and adaptability of their cultural heritage.¹⁰ The story of the primordial soul-guarding giant remains a touchstone for Maranao identity, offering a connection to their ancestral traditions and a means of preserving their unique worldview in the face of rapid social and economic changes.

Supernatural Beings in Maranao Beliefs

The Maranao mythology is populated by a diverse array of supernatural beings, each with their own unique characteristics, powers, and roles within the Maranao cosmological worldview.¹¹ These entities range from benevolent nature spirits and guardian figures to malevolent tricksters and demons. The Maranao belief system often categorizes these supernatural beings into hierarchies, with the most powerful and primordial figures, like Walo, occupying the highest positions.

Categorization and Hierarchy

Understanding the categorization and relative importance of these mythological beings provides insight into the Maranao’s complex and nuanced spiritual beliefs, which are intrinsically tied to their cultural identity and traditions.¹¹ The Sarimanok, for instance, is considered a legendary bird of the Maranao people from Mindanao, Philippines, and is widely represented in Maranao art.¹¹ This symbolic creature is often depicted with colorful wings and feathers, holding a fish in its beak or talons, and is seen as a medium to the spirit world.¹¹

Other prominent figures in the Maranao mythology include the Diwata, or nature spirits, and the Kapre, giant tree-dwelling creatures. The Bakunawa, a serpentine moon-devouring entity, also holds a significant place in the Maranao cosmological hierarchy.¹¹ These supernatural beings, each with their own distinct roles and powers, contribute to the richness and complexity of the Maranao’s spiritual beliefs and cultural traditions.

By exploring the categorization and hierarchy of these mythological figures, we gain a deeper understanding of the Maranao’s worldview and the intricate ways in which their spiritual beliefs are woven into the fabric of their cultural identity.¹¹ This knowledge not only illuminates the Maranao’s rich heritage but also highlights the diversity and resilience of indigenous Philippine folklore.

Artistic and Cultural Representations

The Maranao mythology, including the legend of Walo, has found expression through various artistic and cultural mediums within Maranao society. The sarimanok, a significant artistic element in Maranao culture, is considered to have evolved from its totem bird called itotoro and is included in rituals and myths. It is depicted as messengers of legendary heroes and royalty in the Maranao epic Darangen.¹² The burraq/borak, a hybrid animal of Islamic mythology with a winged human head on a horse’s body, is considered sacred in the Islamic world and symbolizes flight, according to museum guides.¹² The naga, a mythical dragon or serpent, is represented in art despite being counter to Islamic beliefs, in highly stylized forms typically seen in the panolong.¹²

From traditional textile designs and woodcarvings to contemporary visual arts, music, and literature, Maranao mythological figures and narratives have been woven into the fabric of their cultural heritage. Flags are displayed during special events like weddings and coronations, formerly exclusive to the ruling class but now used during communal celebrations and events among the Maranao.¹² Feasts are an integral part of Bangsamoro culture, offering heightened theatrical and dramatic elements through performances such as singing, dancing, music, and recitation of oral literature.¹² The kulintang is an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally laid gongs, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums, representing a key component of Bangsamoro musical heritage.¹²

These artistic representations not only serve to preserve and celebrate the Maranao’s rich mythological traditions but also to share their unique worldview and stories with broader audiences. The continued integration of Maranao mythology into various creative and cultural expressions underscores the enduring significance of these belief systems within Maranao communities.

Impact on Modern Maranao Society

The Maranao mythology, with the legend of Walo as a central figure, continues to exert a profound influence on the lives and worldviews of modern Maranao communities.² The spiritual beliefs, moral teachings, and cultural traditions embodied in these mythological narratives remain integral to the Maranao people’s sense of identity and connection to their ancestral heritage.¹³ Despite the challenges of modernization and globalization, the Maranao have demonstrated a steadfast commitment to preserving and transmitting their mythological knowledge to future generations.

This enduring legacy not only strengthens the resilience of Maranao culture but also contributes to the rich tapestry of indigenous knowledge and perspectives that enrich the broader Filipino and global community.² The¹³² impact of Maranao mythology on modern Maranao society is evident in the continued reverence for the legend of Walo and the role it plays in shaping the Maranao worldview, traditions, and sense of identity.

Maranao Mythology’s Impact	Key Aspects
Spiritual Beliefs	The Walo myth and other Maranao legends continue to inform the Maranao people’s spiritual beliefs and understanding of the afterlife and the unseen forces that shape the human experience.
Cultural Traditions	Maranao mythology is deeply woven into the cultural practices, artistic expressions, and social structures of modern Maranao communities, preserving their unique identity and heritage.
Moral Teachings	The moral and ethical principles conveyed through Maranao mythological narratives remain integral to the Maranao people’s personal and communal values, guiding their actions and decision-making in the modern era.
Community Resilience	The ongoing transmission and adaptation of Maranao mythology, including the legend of Walo, contribute to the overall resilience and adaptability of Maranao culture in the face of societal changes and challenges.

The²¹³ influence of the Walo myth and other aspects of Maranao mythology on modern Maranao society is a testament to the enduring relevance and significance of these rich cultural traditions. As Maranao people navigate the complexities of the 21st century, their continued embrace and preservation of these mythological narratives serve as a powerful reminder of the resilience and adaptability of indigenous knowledge systems in the face of global change.

Scholarly Studies and Research

The Maranao mythology, with its captivating legends and complex cosmological beliefs, has been the subject of scholarly study and research across various academic disciplines.¹⁴ Anthropologists, folklorists, and religious studies scholars have dedicated their efforts to documenting, analyzing, and preserving the Maranao’s rich mythological traditions.¹⁵ These scholarly endeavors have not only expanded our understanding of Maranao culture but have also contributed to the broader field of Philippine studies and the preservation of indigenous knowledge systems.¹⁴¹⁵ The continued academic interest and engagement with Maranao mythology underscores its significance as a vital component of the Philippines’ cultural heritage and the importance of ongoing research and documentation efforts.

Scholarly Studies on Maranao Mythology	Key Findings
A Study on Rido Culture and Its Impact on Maranao Students’ Academic Performance	The study was conducted in Balo-i, Lanao del Norte, Philippines during the academic year 2012-2013.¹⁴ 165 respondents participated in the study, including 80 females and 35 males.¹⁴ Questionnaire and interview were the methods used for data gathering.¹⁴ Statistical tools utilized in data analysis included frequency counts, percentage distribution, and weighted mean.¹⁴ Murder and theft were the most frequently cited causes of rido in the community.¹⁴ Majority of parent-respondents highlighted hindrance of education, financial burden, and disrupted community relationships due to rido culture.¹⁴ Maranao students reported that rido greatly affected their academic performance and disrupted their ability to organize projects and assignments.¹⁴
Attitudes of Maranao Learners Towards English Language Learning	10 students were included in the study from Matnog National High School, Matnog, Sorsogon, through purposive sampling.¹⁵ Four themes emerged regarding attitudes towards English language learning: Flexibility, Preferred Language, Acceptance, and Resentment.¹⁵ Majority of the learners did not prioritize English language for worshipping, preferring vernacular languages (Bicol, Tagalog, or Maranao) instead.¹⁵ The study revealed varying attitudes towards English language learning among Maranao learners, with some showing flexibility in language use and others displaying resentment towards English.¹⁵ Students expressed difficulty in learning English due to a lack of a strong foundation in the language.¹⁵ The data was analyzed through thematic analysis to categorize attitudes towards English in different contexts such as worshipping and communicating with fellow Muslims.¹⁵

Scholarly Studies on Maranao Mythology

Key Findings

A Study on Rido Culture and Its Impact on Maranao Students’ Academic Performance

The study was conducted in Balo-i, Lanao del Norte, Philippines during the academic year 2012-2013.¹⁴
165 respondents participated in the study, including 80 females and 35 males.¹⁴
Questionnaire and interview were the methods used for data gathering.¹⁴
Statistical tools utilized in data analysis included frequency counts, percentage distribution, and weighted mean.¹⁴
Murder and theft were the most frequently cited causes of rido in the community.¹⁴
Majority of parent-respondents highlighted hindrance of education, financial burden, and disrupted community relationships due to rido culture.¹⁴
Maranao students reported that rido greatly affected their academic performance and disrupted their ability to organize projects and assignments.¹⁴

Attitudes of Maranao Learners Towards English Language Learning

10 students were included in the study from Matnog National High School, Matnog, Sorsogon, through purposive sampling.¹⁵
Four themes emerged regarding attitudes towards English language learning: Flexibility, Preferred Language, Acceptance, and Resentment.¹⁵
Majority of the learners did not prioritize English language for worshipping, preferring vernacular languages (Bicol, Tagalog, or Maranao) instead.¹⁵
The study revealed varying attitudes towards English language learning among Maranao learners, with some showing flexibility in language use and others displaying resentment towards English.¹⁵
Students expressed difficulty in learning English due to a lack of a strong foundation in the language.¹⁵
The data was analyzed through thematic analysis to categorize attitudes towards English in different contexts such as worshipping and communicating with fellow Muslims.¹⁵

Conclusion

The legend of Walo and the broader Maranao mythology represent a profound and captivating aspect of the Philippines’ diverse cultural landscape.¹³ This primordial tale of a soul-guarding giant not only offers insights into Maranao beliefs about the afterlife and the unseen forces that shape the human experience but also serves as a touchstone for the preservation and celebration of their unique identity and worldview.¹³ As Maranao communities navigate the challenges of the modern world, the continued transmission and evolution of their mythological traditions ensure the resilience and adaptability of their rich cultural heritage.⁶

Through the study and appreciation of the Walo myth and other Maranao narratives, we gain a deeper understanding of the vibrant tapestry of indigenous Philippine folklore and its enduring relevance in the contemporary era.¹³ The Maranao’s rich mythological traditions, such as the ancient epic “Darangen” recognized by UNESCO,¹³ as well as their distinctive cultural practices, artistic expressions, and culinary heritage,¹³ all contribute to the diverse and multifaceted identity of the Philippines.⁶

As we delve into the captivating world of Maranao mythology, we are reminded of the profound and enduring significance of indigenous belief systems in shaping the cultural fabric of the Philippines. The legend of Walo and the broader Maranao mythological traditions offer a window into the complex and nuanced worldviews of this vibrant ethnic group, inspiring us to celebrate the richness and diversity of the Philippines’ cultural heritage.⁶

FAQ

What is the Maranao myth of Walo?

The Maranao myth of Walo is a captivating legend about a primordial being who serves as a guardian of souls, protecting the departed as they journey to the afterlife.

What is the significance of Maranao mythology in the Philippines?

Maranao mythology is an integral part of the rich tapestry of indigenous Philippine folklore, reflecting the unique cultural traditions and worldview of the Maranao people.

Who are the Maranao people and what is their cultural heritage?

The Maranao are an ethnic group native to the southern Philippines, primarily inhabiting the region around Lake Lanao in Mindanao. They have a rich cultural heritage shaped by various historical influences, including Hindu, Muslim, and Christian traditions.

What are some of the key themes and lessons conveyed in the Walo myth?

The Walo myth is imbued with rich symbolism and profound lessons about the human experience, including representations of life and death, as well as moral and ethical teachings.

How has Maranao mythology influenced Philippine literature?

The story of Walo and other Maranao narratives have inspired and informed the work of Filipino writers, poets, and dramatists, who have drawn upon these indigenous tales to explore themes of spirituality, identity, and the human condition.

What challenges have Maranao mythological traditions faced, and how are they being preserved?

Maranao mythology has faced challenges from suppression and denigration during the colonial era, as well as rapid modernization and globalization. However, there are ongoing efforts by Maranao communities, scholars, and cultural organizations to document, revitalize, and safeguard these mythological stories and practices.

How do Maranao mythological traditions compare to those of other cultures?

The legend of Walo bears resemblance to guardian spirit or soul-guiding figures found in the mythologies of other cultures, such as the Valkyries of Norse mythology or the Anubis of ancient Egyptian belief systems, highlighting the shared human experiences and universal archetypes that underpin the world’s diverse belief systems.

What is the contemporary relevance of the Walo myth for Maranao communities?

The story of Walo continues to hold relevance and significance in the lives of contemporary Maranao communities, serving as a touchstone for their cultural identity and informing their beliefs, practices, and perspectives on life, death, and the unseen forces that shape the human experience.

How have Maranao mythological traditions been studied and documented by scholars?

The Maranao mythology, including the legend of Walo, has been the subject of scholarly study and research across various academic disciplines, contributing to a deeper understanding of Maranao culture and the preservation of indigenous knowledge systems.